India’s top court has refused to legalise same-sex marriages, with the chief justice of the country saying that it is up to Parliament to create such a law.
Chief Justice DY Chandrachud also urged the government to uphold the rights of the LGBT+ community and end discrimination against them.
The five-judge bench earlier this year heard 20 petitions that sought to legalise same-sex marriage in the world’s most populous country.
Chief Justice Chandrachud said there were degrees of agreement and disagreement among the justices “on how far we have to go” on same-sex marriages.
“This court can’t make law. It can only interpret it and give effect to it,” the chief justice said, reiterating that it was up to Parliament to decide whether it could expand marriage laws to include same-sex unions.
One of the petitioners, Mario da Penha, said it was “a day to be disappointed but not to lose hope”.
“There’s been tremendous work that has gone into these petitions, and many hopes and dreams of the queer community attached to them – to lead lives that most other Indians take for granted. The fact that that the dream could not come to fruition today is a disappointment for all of us,” he said.
He added that it was not yet clear if the court had set a mandate or timeline for Parliament to act. “Without that mandate, there is no pressure on Parliament to enact any legislation,” he said.
“There are queer couples today that are already families and in relationships, and are pillars of society. That they are not afforded the dignity and rights that they are due is deeply disappointing,” said Karuna Nundy, one of the lawyers representing the petitioners.
Legal rights for LGBT+ people in India have been expanding over the past decade, mostly as a result of the Supreme Court’s intervention.
In 2018, the top court struck down a colonial-era law that had made gay sex punishable by up to 10 years in prison and expanded constitutional rights for the gay community.
The decision was seen as a historic victory for LGBT+ rights, with one judge saying it would “pave the way for a better future”..
Despite this progress, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government resisted the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and rejected several petitions in favour.
During the hearings, the government argued that a marriage is only between a biological male and a biological woman, adding that same-sex marriages went against religious values and that the petitions reflected only “urban elitist views”. Religious groups too had opposed same-sex unions, saying they went against Indian culture.
Adish Aggarwala, the president of the Supreme Court bar association, said the court had done the right thing by recognising that this was a job for Parliament, an argument the government also made during the hearings.
Lawyers for the petitioners argued that marriage is between two people, not just a man and woman. They said concepts of marriage have gradually changed with time and laws should acknowledge that.
By not recognising such unions, the government was depriving same-sex couples of their right to equality enshrined in the constitution and rights enjoyed by married heterosexual couples, from adoption and medical insurance to pensions and inheritance, they argued.
“This court needs to push society to acknowledge same-sex marriage,” one of the lawyers said.
Petitioners were hopeful that the Supreme Court could challenge the government’s position.
But even as some of the justices urged that the state must make sure LGBT+ couples do not face harassment or discrimination in accessing basic needs, like opening a joint bank account, they stopped short of granting legal recognition to same-sex unions.
Instead, the court accepted the government’s offer to set up a special panel that will explore granting social and legal benefits to same-sex couples.
Homosexuality has long carried a stigma in India’s traditional society, even though there has been a shift in attitudes toward same-sex couples in recent years.
India now has openly gay celebrities and some high-profile Bollywood films have dealt with gay issues. According to a Pew survey, acceptance of homosexuality in India increased by 22 percentage points to 37% between 2013 and 2019.
But same-sex couples often face harassment in many Indian communities, whether Hindu, Muslim or Christian.
India is estimated to have at least 2.5 million LGBT+ people, according to government figures from 2012. However, gay rights activists and global estimates believe they number at least 10% of the population, or more than 135 million.
In May, Taiwan became the first jurisdiction in Asia to recognize same-sex marriages.
