A three-storey house collapsed in the coastal town of Cataingan as the ground shook.
A retired police officer pinned in the debris died, and rescuers were looking for other members of his family who may be trapped.
More than 40 people were injured by the quake in Masbate province, according to disaster-response officials.
More than 100 people who were undergoing coronavirus quarantine in two damaged Cataingan government buildings were moved to school buildings to ensure their safety, the Office of Civil Defence said.
Several houses and low-slung buildings were damaged, as was a seaport.
“People should avoid returning immediately to damaged structures,” Rino Revalo, a Masbate provincial administrator, told ABS-CBN network.
The 6.6 magnitude quake hit about three miles from Cataingan at a depth of about 13 miles, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology said.
Cataingan resident Isagani Libatan said he was on his way to his aunt’s house for breakfast when his motorcycle suddenly swayed from left to right as the ground heaved.
“I thought it was my tire but people suddenly streamed out in panic from swaying houses then we lost power,” Mr Libatan said by telephone, pausing briefly as he felt another fairly strong aftershock.
The earthquake was set off by movement in the Philippine Fault, said Renato Solidum, who heads the government institute.
It was felt in several provinces across the central Visayas region.
The Philippines lies in the Pacific Ring Of Fire, an arc of faults around the Pacific Ocean where most of the world’s earthquakes occur.
It is also lashed by about 20 typhoons and storms each year, making it one of the world’s most disaster-prone countries.
A magnitude 7.7 quake killed nearly 2,000 people in the northern Philippines in 1990.
