At least seven Russian servicemen have died after military posts came under fire in rebel Chechnya.
One was killed and another wounded when a military jeep was attacked outside Tangi-Chu.
An official with the pro-Moscow Chechen government said four more Russians were killed by mines and another two servicemen were killed in attacks on Russian military positions around the breakaway republic.
Russian forces retaliated with airstrikes on suspected rebel bases in the southern region of Vedeno and artillery volleys in the Kurchaloi, Nozhai-Yurt and Shali districts. There was no information on casualties.